Comparison or contrast of East-West philsophical thought Essay

Comparison or contrast of East-West philsophical thought - Essay Example The wider areas surrounding India, China, Japan, Southeast Asia and the Arabic countries are taken as representing Eastern thought. Western thought is taken as mainly stemming from Europe, and North America, with some concession for Christianity, as it originated in the Middle East, rather than in Europe or North America. Additionally, while Christianity is considered the major Western religion, some consideration is also given to Greek and Roman philosophical thought, modern scientific though and rationalism. In terms of the philosophical thought considered in this essay as eastern, Buddhism, Confucianism, Hinduism, forms of Yoga, and Islam were considered. For many years, within the fields of academia and scholarship, Syed Farid Atlas (2002) argues that Eurocentrism â€Å"†¦values, attitudes, ideas and ideological orientations that are informed by European uniqueness and superiority.† (as cited in Yoshitaka, 2010) dominated much discourse. This has perhaps been to the detriment of philosophical thought as a whole. There are certainly positive aspects to the philosophical thinking of the east and the west with value. Neither should be dominant. In the west, it is accepted and encouraged that the individual will succeed on his/her own. Personal achievement is valued, and to achieve the individual should be independent of others, even independent of the environment. In contrast, eastern societies are structured around the collective. The family and the community or society are considered important, sometimes more so than the individual. The interdependence of people, and their environment, and even the universe at large is always acknowledged and accepted. This means that philosophical thinking, presented in explanation of human existence and purpose, differs widely in the east and west. While in the east, Truth is accepted as universal, independent of the individual, it is a proven, scientifically tested

Hitler and Mussolini Essay Example for Free

Hitler and Mussolini Essay Benito Mussolini during his rule from 1922 to 1943 faced many domestic problems within Italy that he had to deal with. Mainly the internal problems had to do with economic policies and struggle, which Mussolini attempted to deal with through his autarky policy. He also had to deal with political problems, which were derived from the interference of the church. Finally Mussolini also had to contend with social problems such as unification, and increase of popularity. Through his rule Mussolini had to deal with economic, social and political problems, however he was to a great extent not successful in dealing with these problems. One of Mussolinis greatest internal problems was his economic problem. Mussolini wanted to make Italy a great economy, one that could compete with the great economies of World War I such as Britain and France. In order to this Mussolini wanted an autarky, which was economic self-sufficiency in food and raw materials. He wanted Italy through autarky to become a powerful and large empire. In order to achieve this Mussolini instigated what historians such as MacDonald refer to as a series of battles. These battles were a struggle for the economy that Mussolini envisioned. A series of four battles were fought however only one can be regarded as a partial success while the other three were seen by most historians as failed attempts. The first battle was known as the Battle for Grain, which was to a great extent a failure. This battle started in 1925 because there was a poor harvest that year, and the grain for the most part was being imported. In order to become a self-sufficient economy Mussolini wanted Italy to be able to produce the grain on its own. By the 1930s Italy was able to become a self-sufficient grain growing economy by controlling imports and increasing the production of cereal crops. However despite being able to achieve grain production, Italy as a whole suffered due to this battle. By encouraging the production of grain, farmers had to stop growing fruits and vegetables, which were cheaper to produce. Therefore exports of fruits and vegetables also decreased, which caused the economy to become weaker because revenue from exports decreased. Also due to an emphasis on making grain the use of sheeps and cattle decreased, causing the decline of these animals. It also caused the country to go into debt since the government had to give subsidies to farmers and there were huge tariffs associated with the production of grain. Also the price of grain in Italy rose causing the price of bread to increase. This affected the working class and poor since the core of their diet was made up of bread. The masses of Italy suffered especially the poor and the farmers, although the industrialists did not suffer as much. Since grain production increased the demand for fertilizers and tractors increased, which increased the business of the industrialists. However the industrialists are a smaller proportion of the population of Italy than the masses, therefore to the most part the Battle for Grain was a failure. The second battle was the Battle for Lira whose main aim was to reinstate the purchasing power of the currency. Sine Mussolini wanted a powerful Italy; he thought that the weak currency added to weakness of the economy. Therefore in 1926, Mussolini revalued the Lira so that one pound was 90 liras. This battle also proved to be a failure since the price of exports increased. Due to this unemployment increased and firms and industries were not able to sell their goods as efficiently. This also caused the aim to increase economic influence to decrease since it had a negative effect of exports and unemployment. The Battle for Land was the third battle fought in order to increase economic power. This battle had mixed responses and could be seen as a success and failure. The Battle for Land attempted to control the migration to cities from the countrysides, which helped control unemployment. The Battle for Land was a success because of the Pointe Marshe in 1935 which served as good propaganda, helped decrease unemployment and also allowed for the control of subsidies to farmers. Pointe Marshe provided small farms and also increased public work, which called for employment. However it was also known as a failure because small plots of land were inefficiently utilized for a lot of wheat production. Also it did not help decrease the poverty of poor people. The economic problems in Italy that Mussolini tried to deal with through autarky were mainly a failure due to the failures of the battles. Another internal problem that Mussolini had to deal with was political problems. Mussolini wanted to obtain totalitarianism, however in order to this Mussolini had to deal with the Roman Catholic Church. This to an extent was a success, however tension between the Church and the state was never completely eradicated. In order to make relations with the Church better Mussolini allowed religious studies in education and also allowed the crucifix to be displayed in courts and classrooms. Also in order to gain support from the Church Mussolini had his children baptized and also had a church wedding in 1925 in order too show that he believed in the Church. The Church also accepted Mussolinis policy on abortions and contraception, in order to increase population. Mussolini also officially ended the tension by forming the Latern Pacts, which made the Vatican state independent, made Catholism the official religion of the state and also made education of cat holism mandatory in schools. This pact decreased tension between the church and Mussolini and allowed Mussolini to gain more power of the state. However despite the pact and decreased tension, conflict always remained between the Church and Mussolinis state. Mussolinis continued interference in catholic education in schools continued to be a problem between the church and the state and the Pope threatened to censure fascism. Another conflict between the state and the Church was relations with Nazi Germany in 1938, having to do with the views on anti-Semitism. The continued tension with the Church never allowed Mussolini to have full control over Italy, which added to his internal problems. The last internal problem that Italy had to deal with was social problems. Mussolini attempted to unify Italy and increase his popularity through propaganda since he did not have full control and poulatiry over the Italian people. Mussolini was most successful in dealing with social problems through Linquadramento and the idea of a corporative state. Linqadramento was an illusion that Mussolini created in order to unify Italy. Through this movement Mussolini increased their popularity and membership by providing support and financial aid during after the Depression from 1931 to 1937. This recovery from the deep depression of the postwar was remarkable and greatly aided the Fascists in winning favor and in establishing power., was the view of historian Clough. They also increased employment by inflicting a forty-hour workweek and allowing family compensations. These helpful acts during the Depression helped Mussolini gain support from more people, and allowed him to control more of the state. Also schemes such as the Pointe Marshe helped increase employment, which also helped Mussolini, gain support. Mussolini used propaganda through a policy called Corporative state, which also helped him gain support. The Corporative state advertised a state where there was no class system and all labors worked together. It also strived to make working conditions better and sought to help all laborers when they were in trouble by allowing them to share their concerns with their employers representatives who then shared them with Mussolini.

Swot Analysis Is Use For Strategic Planning Marketing Essay

Swot Analysis Is Use For Strategic Planning Marketing Essay Introduction In a business world the strategic planning is necessary for running organisation successfully and meet their objective as well. The strategic planning is done in numerous way, all are beneficial for the business. For this such an analysis is need to done in organisation such as, SWOT analysis, PEST analysis, etc. Such an analysis is done within the organisation and some of the analysis is done in outside of the organisation. As in SWOT analysis the strengths and weakness is the analysis which made inside in organisation and opportunities and threats are the analysis of outside the organisation. In this report major part is shown on SWOT analysis. The company is taken as example is General Electric. This report shows the SWOT analysis performance on General Electric. The advantages and limitation of General Electric during SWOT analysis is also shown in this report. SWOT Analysis In the business and organisation for all sorts of situations the SWOT analysis is the useful tool as an unusually for caring and administrative. SWOT is a short form for Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, and Threats. A good framework is provided by the headings of SWOT analysis for re-evaluate direction, position and strategy of a business or industry plan, or any other idea. It is so simple to complete a SWOT analysis, and for the workshop sitting it is an excellent subject. This SWOT analysis is also works well in brainstorming convention. SWOT analysis is use for strategic planning, marketing, competitor evaluation, business planning, product development and research and business reports. The SWOT analysis is also use as games of team building exercises. A SWOT analysis measures a business unit, a proposition or idea. A SWOT analysis is a subjective assessment of data which are organized by the SWOT format into a logical order that helps understanding, presentation, discussion and decision-making. The four dimensions are useful extension of a basic two heading list of pros and cons. SWOT analysis can be used for all sorts of decision-making, and the SWOT template enables proactive thinking, rather than relying on habitual or instinctive reactions. The SWOT analysis template is normally presented as a grid, comprising four sections, one for each of the SWOT headings: Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, and Threats. The free SWOT template below includes sample questions, whose answers are inserted into the relevant section of the SWOT grid. The questions are examples, or discussion points, and obviously can be altered depending on the subject of the SWOT analysis. Note that many of the SWOT questions are also talking points for other headings use them as you find most helpful, and make up your own to suit the issue being analysed. It is important to identify clearly the subject of a SWOT analysis, because a SWOT analysis is a perspective of one thing, be it a company, a product, a proposition, and idea, a method, or option, etc. SWOT issues into actions under the six categories Albert Humphrey advocated that the six categories: Product (what are we selling?) Process (how are we selling it?) Customer (to whom are we selling it?) Distribution (how does it reach them?) Finance (what are the prices, costs and investments?) Administration (and how do we manage all this?) Provide a framework by which SWOT issues can be developed into actions and managed using teams. This can be something of a leap, and so the stage warrants further explanation. Translating the SWOT issues into actions, are best sorted into (or if necessary broken down into) the six categories, because in the context of the way that business and organisations work, this makes them more quantifiable and measurable, responsible teams more accountable, and therefore the activities more manageable. The other pivotal part in the process is of course achieving the commitment from the team(s) involved, which is partly explained in the item summarising Humphreys TAM ® model and process. As far as identifying actions from SWOT issues is concerned, it all very much depends on your reasons and aims for using SWOT, and also your authority/ability to manage others, whom by implication of SWOTs breadth and depth, is likely to be involved in the agreement and delivery of actions. Depending on pretext and situation, a SWOT analysis can produce issues which very readily translate into (one of the six) category actions, or a SWOT analysis can produce issues which overlay a number of categories or a mixture. Whatever, SWOT essentially tells you what is good and bad about a business or a particular proposition. If its a business, and the aim is to improve it, then work on translating: Strength (maintains, build and leverage), Opportunities (Prioritise and optimise), Weakness (remedy or exit), Threats (counter) Into actions (each within one of the six categories) that can be agreed and owned by a team or number of teams. If the SWOT analysis is being used to assess a proposition, then it could be that the analysis shows that the proposition is too weak (especially if compared with other SWOTs for alternative propositions) to warrant further investment, in which case further action planning, other than exit, is not required. This is my understanding of Albert Humphreys theory relating to developing SWOT issues into organisational change actions and accountabilities. (Im pleased to say that Albert kindly confirmed that this is indeed correct.) There are other ways of applying SWOT of course, depending on your circumstances and aims, for instance if concentrating on a department rather than a whole business, then it could make sense to revise the six categories to reflect the functional parts of the department, or whatever will enable the issues to be translatable into manageable, accountable and owned aims. Simple framework of SWOT analysis is a generating strategic alternative from a situation analysis. This analysis is either applicable to the business unit level or corporate level and in marketing plans it appears frequently. The Council of General Electric Growth used this analysis form because it concentrate on the issue that potentially have the most collision, when there is a limited time amount is available for addressing a complex strategic situation the SWOT analysis is useful. The diagram of SWOT analysis and how it fits into situation of strategic analysis is shown below. Situation Analysis   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     / Internal Analysis  Ã‚  Ã‚   /   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Strengths  Ã‚  Ã‚  Weaknesses  Ã‚  Ã‚   The large amount of information can produced by the internal and external situation analysis, among them may not be highly relevant. To reduce the information to a convenient amount of key issue the analysis of SWOT can serve as an interpretative filter. The SWOT analysis classifies the internal aspects of the company as strengths or weaknesses and the external situational factors as opportunities or threats. Strengths can serve as a foundation for building a competitive advantage, and weaknesses may hinder it. By understanding these four aspects of its situation, a firm can better leverage its strengths, correct its weaknesses, capitalize on golden opportunities, and deter potentially devastating threats. General Electric (GE) is a manufacturing company functioning in a range of section. For use in wind turbines, aircraft, water systems, natural gas and oil compressors and more, its infrastructure section produces jet engines and related parts. To end users it is various financial services is offered by the Commercial Finance segment. Financial services to the retailers and consumers are provided by the GE Money section. Equipment which use in medical field is manufactured by the Healthcare section and the television network services is provided by its NBC Universal section. The Industrial section offers lamps, commercial lighting systems, home appliances, motor and control systems and many others. Internal Analysis For internal analysis we can say that it is a complete assessment of the internal environments prospective weaknesses and strengths. Across the organisation it should be appraising such factors in areas such as: Company image Organisational structure Key staff Brand awareness Access to natural resources Company culture Operational capacity Exclusive contracts Operational efficiency Financial resources Position on the experience curve Patents and trade secrets Market share As a list of weakness and strengths it is review the inner factors by the SWOT analysis. External Analysis To make better profits it is the ability to set up service or a new product which this is known as an opportunity. When changes happen in the external environment then opportunities can occur. These numerous changes can be apparent as threats to the market position of running goods and may require a change in creation provision or the expansion of new goods in order for the firm to stay competitive. The external environment changes may be associated to: Competitors Customers Suppliers Market trends Partners As a list of threats and opportunities the external factors of environmental is analysed and summarized by SWOT analysis. Strengths The positive essentials of an organisation or business are their strengths, it is in under their control and they do something well. The strengths are valued to the business or a group, and it can give the edge over the competitors in some areas. The main strengths of GE is outline below. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ The major plus point of General Electric is having alliances with other strong and popular businesses. It helps GE to get in new customers and make company further successful. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ The key to their success for General Electric is to being as a market leader, is as it improve status, market share and earnings. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ General Electric provide and offered original and good products and services, to obtain them General Electrical make most people return to them. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ The main key of General Electric is their most experienced employees which help GE to drive them forward with capability and knowledge. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ The other strength of General Electric is its high class machinery, well known staff, good infrastructure offices and equipment. It ensures the job is done to the greatest standard. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Regarding profit and sales the General Electric major strength is its wide customer base. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ The reputation of General Electric is powerfully popular, which means people believe in it and it is viewed with the respect. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ General Electric being strong as financial, this helps them to deal and solve any problems which arise. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ General Electrics essential strength is its strong brand as it is appreciated and accepted. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ General Electric has the market share with high percentage, which means GE is to the lead of numerous competitors. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ To ensure that the customers be returns, General Electric have high quality services and/or products as a fundamental strength. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ International operations of GE signify customers base wider, a stronger brand and a greater large piece of the international market. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ General Electrics innovation and development are high with observe to their services and/or products. It is the strength of its overall performance. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ General Electric has a high and strong market position. This is the major strength in this type of industrial area as they are in front of numerous rivals. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ GE is in front of numerous competitors as their online presence is strong. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ GEs Research and development department is strong. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Number of business acquired by GE. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ GEs profits and revenues are high. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Its culture and organisational structure is strong. Weaknesses Under their control as organisation or business, their weaknesses are the things which need to be performed better or to be improved. Weaknesses makes the company in behind with the competitors or may be it stop company to meet their objectives. In this section it is shown the weakness which present in General Electric à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ The performance of General Electric is not mark able in Asian market. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ General Electrical is did not keep and not meet with demand because they have a stock problem. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Due to the financial recession the stock prices is low. Opportunities Opportunities are the external changes which trends or needs that could improve the company or organisations tactical place, or which could be of a gain to them. The opportunities of the General Electric are shown below. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ As in the form of training, allowances, grants etc. as governmental support General Electric could benefit from it. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ An opportunity of technological changes gives the General Electric to strengthen their future achievement. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ It is used to acquire new resources, enter in new market and new customers as the merger and takeover opportunities could be discover for General Electric à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Towards the corporate social responsibility GE should have to focus more. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ To maintain their position in the market research and development is done. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ To improve cash flows they have opportunity to merge and joint venture in Asian market. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ They have the opportunity of look at natural resources to meet their high demands. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ It is positive sign for the General Electric as growth in aviation industry. Threats The factor which place areas of the organisation or company risky or may contain damage is called as threats. These factors are outside of the companys control. The main threats of the General Electric are outline below. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ It require spent the money on regulations or taken the measure which could put pressure on General Electric as financial or other. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ It is to be a threat or risk for General Electric as entering of the new competitors in the market and extra competition. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Price cuts could reduce the profits for General Electric as the price wars between competitors. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ As fluctuation of currency it may impact on the revenues as General electric is operating in many countries. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ As the other business the same threats of GE is recession. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ The biggest threat of the General Electric is the regulation of government because in all over the world GE is the fourth major manufacturer of pollution. Analysis and Benefits of SWOT Analysis It is well-known that General Electric has several strengths that effort to its gain by striking efficiency.   Its worldwide appreciation, competitiveness and strengths put General Electrical at a constructive situation as compared to other businesses in the similar sector.   To manage the expensive business the use of company units for organisation presents an successful way. The option of irresistible senior management through work is not only reduces but it also promotes production rooted in liability accepted from the company division managers.   It extremely contributes to effectiveness while there are many activities undertaken by company.   This is improved with the acquisitions and mergers that have spread the companys manufactured goods range and in sequence foremost to development on returns gain. However the opportunities and strengths have not arrived without constraints.   Different weakness and threats intimidate the concert of the business by presenting constraints on the organisations management.   High levels of rivalry, threat of information loss and financial crises are a threat to the companys endurance.   Weaknesses within the business counting the deprived efficiency of the power division and suppleness threat could collision unhelpfully on the business. The corporation could use the opportunities and strengths to moderate them, in order to decrease the collision of threats and weaknesses.    Multiple Perspectives Needed The quality of the analysis is affected by the method which is used to obtain the inputs to the SWOT matrix. During a speedy discussion with the CEO if the information is obtain hurriedly, although CEO may have a broad view of the corporation and business, the information would signify a single point of view. The excellence of the examination will be better significantly if interview are held with a range of stakeholders such as suppliers, employees, strategic partners, customers, etc. SWOT Analysis Limitations While valuable for sinking a huge amount of situational factors into an additional convenient summary, the SWOT structure has a inclination to generalize the condition by classifying the firms environmental factors into categories in which they may not always fit. The classification of some factors as strengths or weaknesses, or as opportunities or threats is somewhat random. For example, a particular company culture can be either strength or a weakness. A technological change can be a either a threat or an opportunity. Perhaps what are more significant than the external classification of these factors are the firms consciousness of them and its growth of a strategic plan to use them to its benefit. Conclusion As the SWOT analysis issues is sorting into the six planning category these cans get a scheme which present a sensible way of assimilating the internal and external information about the business unit, delineating short and long term priorities, and allowing an easy way to build the management team these cans achieve the objectives of profit growth. This comes within reach of captures the collective agreement and pledge of those who will ultimately have to do the work of meeting or exceeding the objectives finally set. It permits the team leader to define and develop co-ordinated, goal-directed actions, which underpin the overall agreed objectives between levels of the business hierarchy. GE recognizes that part of being successful and well-respected is being socially responsible as well Has huge potential to remain successful without any major threats from competitors Staying Power Will only continue to expand

Smoking, diabetes and alcohol in the Maori culture

Smoking, diabetes and alcohol in the Maori culture Task 1 Introduction The region that I have chosen to study is Auckland Region and my research of Hauora Maori trends and contemporary issue are smoking, diabetes and alcohol which extract from housing, education, employment, lifestyle and health statistics. Te Whare Tapa Wha is a traditional approach to Hauora base on Whanau, Tinana, Wairua and Hinengaro to understand Maori health with a strong foundation of Maori well-being. The areas that I have written about are Literature Review for collating, analyzing and presenting in finding on this research. Maori patients receiving a lower standard care than non-Maori from primary and secondary health care providers. It was some non-consistent results relationships between suppliers and patients. Explain the research methodology Smoking: the researcher used qualitative research with 60 pregnant Maori women in the womens 17-43 ages. The questionnaire was used to guide the interview. Responses were categorized using Te Whare Tapa Wha (the four-sided house), an indigenous theoretical framework. Diabetes: the researcher used quantitative and statistical analysis to compare different ethic group of health and care status that attending general practices with diabetes. Obesity: the researcher used statistical analysis which collected data from children in 60 countries, suggested that childhood obesity in New Zealand is increasing at one of the greatest rate in the world (Wang Lobstein 2006). Similar results can be seen among adult in New Zealand which indicated that 26.5 percent of adult were obese (Ministry of Health, 2008). Describe the research methodology Literature Review Obstract Smoking, diabetes and obesity are still the most prevalent for Maori than any other ethnic group in New Zealand.Maori women are particularly high smoking rates. In 1996, the proportion of Maori women who smoked who smoked one or more cigarettes per day was more than twice than non-Maori women. Thirty-nine percent of Maori women smoke during pregnancy. On the other hand, diabetes is also the high risk health issue among Maori in New Zealand. In addition, obesity among children and adult Maori is also high compare to non-Maori. 1. Smoking (Why Maori women continue to smoke while pregnant?) Smoking is the biggest killer of Maori. Not only did the tobacco smoking accounts in 1989-1993, one-third of Maori deaths from smoking-related diseases plaguing the concept of Maori. It was nearly 60 per cent of Maori that smoked in 1976 and dropped to 50 per cent in 1991 but it hasn’t changed much since then. New Zealand health promotion and promotion education tried to reduce Maori smoking but it was not success in the last fifteen years. Unchanged Maori smoking prevalence showed low activity between either quit or quit Maori success rate. By the 1976, Maori women between aged of 20 to 24 had the highest smoking rate at 69 per cent and it was increased to 70 per cent in 1981. Up to two-thirds of pregnant Maori women smoke. Sudden infant death syndrome, asthma, glue ear, lung infection rate, rheumatic fever is common among Maori children. Education: There are poor understanding of the risks associated with smoking during pregnancy. Life Style: They lived in the smoky environment or with a partner who smoked. Some they used smoking as a method to release their stress. 2. Diabetes (between Maori and non-Maori) Diabetes is the leading cause of blindness, kidney failure and lower extremity amputation. It is also major risk factor for nerve damage, stroke, heart attack, heart failure and early death. The Ministry of Health estimates that 210 million people will be affected by diabetes through 2012. Certain ethnic groups (especially Maori, Pacific Islanders and South Asia), since 1996 in diabetes and high-risk data suggested that the incidence of diabetes in Maori and Pacific peoples are more than three times higher interest rates than in Europe, and the Maori and Pacific peoples are more than five times the likelihood of diabetes 2 is dead. Lifestyle: Most of people are lack of exercise and had unhealthy diet plan option with including of high fat food that can cause them to become overweight and it can also cause other health condition. 3. Obesity (Among children and adult Maori) Obesity is one of the major health issues in New Zealand in recent year which affected in every age and ethic group. While population studies have shed much light on obesity and its growing prevalence, it is important to interpret finding with caution, especially in regard to Maori health. In the 2008 report shown that adult Maori had the highest rate of obesity than non-Maori. 41.7 per cent of adult Maori were obese compare to 24.3 percent in European (Ministry of Health, 2008). Thus, considering the importance of overall wellbeing to Maori, as expressed by contemporary Maori health models, both the prevention and reduction of obesity among Maori would go a long way to achieving Maori health aspirations and advancing Maori lifestyles. Employment: Maori do not have much chance to find a job because they have a low degree or qualification because they left school early. Statistics show that Maori have the highest rate of unemployment in New Zealand. Lifestyle: Because of unemployment, they do not have enough money to buy or provide nutrition food for themselves or their children and also nowadays, there are a lot of fast food shops everywhere and it is cheap so it is easy for them to buy without cooking. Task 2 The Research Finding 1. Smoking One of the most disadvantaged groups in New Zealand society is Maori women as they have the highest prevalence of smoking. The investigation has been shown that Maori women smoke at the age of 15-24 years old up to nearly 61%; aged 25-29 years in 39%, while 57% of 30-39-year-old. In 2007, the first registration of midwives, 19% of pregnant women were smoking in New Zealand and it declined slightly to 15%, when discharged from nursing midwives still smoking. Maori women are much higher prevalence with smoking at the first registration with midwife at 43% and there is 34% still smoking at discharge. Smoking during pregnancy can cause a problem of miscarriage and difficulties during childbirth. Women who continue to smoke during pregnancy may be living in a household with other smokers, partners, family and friends who smoke. In addition, qualitative study found that addiction, habit and stress are the reason pregnant women continue to smoke. It is a very challenging to reduce smoking a mong pregnant women in New Zealand and international as it is a priority over a decade. The reseachers found out that 88% of 60 pregnant Maori participation had a partner and the average aged was 26. 23% of participants did not have a degree, only 38% had some employment. More than half of the participants (68%) live in urban areas. Almost the same numbers of participants were in to the second (43%) or third (40%) trimester of their pregnancy and 38% were having their first baby. They smoked around 9 cigarattes per day and within 5 minute for their first cigaratted after woke up (Table 1). There were also some reasons that they smoked such as habit, stress, addiction etc (Table 2). Moreover, social and work environment were also a factor that related to their smoking because they lived with their family or partner who are smoking. When they were at workplace, they smoked with their colleagues or other people and it was easy to smoke at work because they just went out whenever they want (Table 3). 2. Diabetes No other disease is a significant health inequalities more apparent than when we look at diabetes. Diabetes is nearly three times more common in Maori than non-Maori. Due to diabetes, Maori in the 45-64 age group have a death rate 9 times higher than non-Maori. Maori are diagnosed younger, more likely to develop complications of diabetes, such as eye disease, kidney failure, stroke and heart disease. Type 2 diabetes is expected to increase significantly over the next 20 years (along with pre-diabetes, insulin resistance and obesity) and the biggest impact is on Maori, Pacific people, and those living in poor areas. Type 2 diabetes, including prevalence, age of onset, mortality and hospitalization rates ethic inequality : Maori in the diagnosis of type 2 diabetes, the estimated average age was 47.8 years old in 1996, six years younger than New Zealand European (54.2 years) (Ministry of Health 2002). In 2002/03, ther self-reported prevalence of diabetes was 2.5 times higher among Maori than non-Maori (Ministry of Health 2006). The estimated lifetime risk of being diagnosed with diabetes for MÄ ori in 1996 was more than double that for New Zealand Europeans (Ministry of Health 2002). The death rates in type 2 diabetes for non-Maori are 7 times lower than Maori. The different in death rate is higher in the aged 45 to 64, where Maori women with type 2 diabetes die 13 times than non-Maori women and 10 times for maori men compare to non-Maori men. Due to type 2 diabetes, the risk for hospitalisation of Maori is 4 times higher than non-Maori. 3. Obesity Rate of obesity and obesity-related illness, are associated with socioeconomic status, with the greatest rate among the least deprived classes (Drewnowski Specter, 2004). This finding has major implications for Maori who are proportionately over represented in the more deprived quintile, having an annual income approximately 20 per cent lower than Europeans in New Zealand (Statistics New Zealand, 2006). What’s more, the 2006/07 NZHS showed that the time children spent watching television, as well as their â€Å"fizzy drink† and â€Å"fast food† consumption, were higher in areas of high neighbourhood deprivation than in areas of low deprivation (Ministry of Health, 2008). Likewise, these three measures were higher within Maori children compared with the general population (Ministry of Health, 2008). Obesity is detrimental to the health and function of many systems of the body including digestion, the immune system, respiration and pulmonary function, reproductive health, bones and joints, and even the health of skin. Hospitalisation and mortality from heart failure is much higher for Maori than non-Maori in New Zealand. The link between obesity and CVD is multifaceted, affecting blood pressure, altering blood lipid profile, and increasing cardiac expenditure in order to compensate for increased circulation requirements in the obese. The relationship between obesity and the health disorder identified hightlights the importance of reducing and preventing obesity among Maori, to reduce health inequalities in New Zealand as well as lengthen and improve quality of life in Maori. Task 3 Present research finding and explain a present day health priority for Maori 1. Smoking The reasearch has been shown that the full range of ill-effects of smoking in pregnancy Maori knowledge is limited and not many of them know about the quitline. Even they received a support from their whanau but in fact that their whanau also smoked. Strategies were being used to inform Maori about effective or risks associated with smoking during pregnancy, and it seemed not effectively reach Maori women. One of the current risk program is that it waits for pregnant Maori women come in contact with the health system. This may mean that some women do not get support to quit until late in pregnancy. New Zealand has been focusing on tobacco control on young Maori women, in particular, not to smoke and not to develop a regular habit of smoking. In order to prevent on smoking, New Zealand had a restrictions on smoking legislation in shared office, shops and food preparation areas, public places of public transportation and dining, a ban on tobacco advertising and sponsorship of sports, o r a gift to under l8s, sports sponsorship smoking. The promotion of smoke-free pregnancy, smoking cessation assistance needs to be extended to the whole whanau. Impact of maternal smoking on pregnant women around education can help communities. 2. Diabetes Type 2 diabetes is not a sudden illness. The disease reflects the complexity and interaction of our bodies and our environment, including the social determinants of health, low socioeconomic status, and racism-related stress and the incidence of type 2 diabetes. Diabetes is one of many factors contributing to low Maori health status. A strategy for reducing the impact of diabetes on Maori must be set with in the context of making general improvments in Maori health status. It has been well defined and incorporates a number of principles including the Treaty of Waitangi, Ottawa Charter and Te Whare Tapa Wha. The treaty recognises that Maori need to receive effective health care services that reflect the needs and world view of Maori. The development of Maori communities and infrastructures that are consistent with Maori values and provide a positive healthy lifestyle is accepted as central to improving Maori health status. A guiding priciple is that services need to be developed by Ma ori with Maori for Maori. Diabetes services need to be developed as part of an integrated health care service. NgÄ tiPorou Hauora (NPH) on the east coast is implementing a program called NgÄ ti and Health, is characterized by promoting healthy eating and regular exercise lifestyle to reduce the risk of type 2 diabetes (Tipene-Leach et al 2004; NgÄ ti Porou Hauora 2007). The programme also aims to improve the conditions of diabetes and pre-diabetes awareness in those who are at high risk of developing diabetes and communities. In order to improve diabetes care for Maori is to ensure early detection and primary prevention of diabetes. Secondly, regional and local services can provide access to their services and quality problems, develop strategies to improve service delivery, and monitor the effectiveness of these changes. 3. Obesity In all aspect of health, research is relatively limited in Maori when compared with European/Caucasian groups. Although this could be looked on as obstructive to achieving successful outcomes for Maori, the limites body of research in this area is also a great opportunity for Maori to design and lead research that will have the most benefit for Maori. Lastly, by focusing research and intervention on how to improve physical health alone, the researchers are diregarding the othe aspects of well being identified in contemporary Maori health models. Thus, a line of research which could be great benefit to Maori would be aimed at understanding the effects of obesity on te taha wairua, hinengaro, whanau, tinana and from the result, developing intervention which maintian the balance of overall wellbeing. As has been touched upon, Maori involvement in all aspects of health from research to dilivery of services in essential. According to He Korowai Oranga (The Maori Health Strategy) involveme nt should ne at whanau, community and Iwi levels for maximum Maori participation (Ministry of Health, 2002). Because children with obese parents are more likely to become obese aldults themselves, interventions such as the â€Å"Healthy Eating-Healthy Action Plan† which are being implimented in many New Zealand schools, maybe more effective when parents and whanau are involved. What’s more, because of the part whanau play in the achievement of hauora, this approch may also be more culturally appropriate for Maori. Training in cultural sensitivity and Maori system of health for non-Maori health workers as well as participation in all aspects of planning and delivery is essential to developing policies tha twill achieve the desired outcome in this case, bringing to an end the obesity epidemic amoung Maori.

Essay --

Batch biosorption isotherm parameters were determined using the Langmuir isotherm, Freundlich isotherm, Dubinin – Radushkevich isotherm and generalized isotherm models. Non-linear regression process gives better results for the determination of isotherms parameters [21]. Hence the isotherm parameters were determined using MATLAB tool ‘nlinfit’ for nonlinear regression. The Langmuir isotherm model is very often used to compute and compare the efficiency of different biosorbents. This model was originally developed for description of adsorption of gas on the activated carbon [26]. The empirical relationship is based on the assumptions that the biosorption is a monolayer, and biosorbent have the finite number of homogeneous binding sites. The Langmuir isotherm relation is basically hyperbolic and given in Eq. (2) [23]. (2) where qe is equilibrium biosorption uptake capacity, Cf is equilibrium concentration (mg l-1) of the residual sorbate, qmax is maximum sorbate uptake (mg g-1) under the given conditions and bL is Langmuir constant (l mg-1). Langmuir constant represents the energy and affinity of the biding sites. The Langmuir isotherm model can be expressed in terms of dimensionless equilibrium parameter ‘RL’ which is also known as separation factor as given in Eq. (3). Separation factor value helps to determine the nature of the biosorption process to be either unfavorable (RL>1), linear (RL=1), favorable (0 (3) The values of Langmuir constant and maximum biosorption capacity are summarized in Table 1. ICTB showed better performance as compared to other two biosorbents i.e. ICUB and ICLB. The maximum biosorption capacity of ICTB, ICUB and ICLB was found to be 197.68, 178.06 and ... ... isotherm is a combination of Langmuir and Freundlich isotherms models and is given below. (7) where qm is maximum biosorption capacity (mg g-1), nG is the cooperative binding constant and KG is the saturation constant (mg l-1). The values of Generalized isotherm constants, i.e. KG and nG along with maximum biosorption capacity were determined. The values of constants are summarized in Table 5. Generalized isotherm model gives a better fit to the equilibrium experimental data for biosorption of nickel ions. The values of MSE were found to be smaller and ranged between 0.88 to 10.27. Table 5: Generalized isotherm parameters for biosorption of nickel ions After comparing all the isotherm models it is revealed that Langmuir isotherm model and Generalized isotherm model represent the equilibrium biosorption data slightly better as compared with other isotherms.

A Critical Essay on Edgar Allan Poe’s The Fall of the House of Usher (1

The twenty first century author Alexandra Iftodi Zamfir (1986- ) argues that â€Å"architecture and settings are more important in Gothic fiction than in any other type of literature†¦all architectural elements are closely connected with Gothic protagonists and the plot.† (Zamfir. 2011: 15). This critical essay will first consider and analyse this statement and investigate the style, language and form of the American author Edgar Allan Poe’s (1809-1849) macabre and Gothic fictional prose The Fall of the House of Usher (1839) (Poe. 1987: 1). I shall present and argue how the artistic effects deployed in the narrative structure create an atmosphere of tension and suspense, through the exploration of architectural space demonstrated in a close reading and analysis from key passages of the text. The Fall of the House of Usher was written by the American author and poet Edgar Allan Poe, it first featured as a Gothic short story in Burton’s Gentleman’s Magazine in (1839) (Hayes. 2002: xvii). Poe was writing at a time of immense change to social, economic and cultural conditions following the technological advancements of the Industrial Revolution (1750-1850), his work on The Fall of the House of Usher could be said to show an impact of Western society’s internal and external fragmentation. (Montagna: 2006). As stated by Zamfir â€Å"the universe portrayed in the House of Usher is Poe’s most sublime†¦in humanizing a dwelling to portray the inner self of the Gothic hero, but it also represents an investigation of the self in a state of disintegration.† (Zamfir. 2011: 62). This process of disintegration is both reflected within the architectural structure of the house itself; as the building gradually corrodes, in addition to that of the ps... ..._of_Space_in_Gothic_Architecture. [Accessed 11th May 2012] Giordano, R. (2005-2011) Poestories.com: An Exploration of Short Stories by Edgar Allan Poe. [On-line] Available from: http://www.poestories.com/. [Accessed 24th September 2011] Gunn, A.G. (1997-2002) Cyclopaedia of Ghost Story Writers. [On-line] Available from: http://www.jb.man.ac.uk/~agg/ghosts/#poeea. [Accessed 24th September 2011] Hallqvist, C. (2001) The Poe Decoder. [On-line] Available from: http://www.poedecoder.com/. [Accessed 24th September 2011] Montagna, J.A. (2006) The Industrial Revolution. [On-line] Available from: http://www.yale.edu/ynhti/curriculum/units/1981/2/81.02.06.x.html. [Accessed 11th May 2012] Pridmore, J. (1998-2011) Edgar Allan Poe (1809-1849). [On-line] Available from: http://www.literaryhistory.com/19thC/Poe.htm. [Accessed 24th September 2011]

Jews in the Renaissance: Irony of the Promised Land Essay -- Essays Pa

Jews in the Renaissance: Irony of the Promised Land â€Å"The LORD appeared to Abram and said, ‘To your offspring I will give this land.’ So he built an altar there to the LORD, who had appeared to him† (Holy Bible, Gen. 12.7). Despite God’s oath to the Jews, this Promised Land has been repeatedly offered and confiscated by Christians. The Renaissance is one period in history, though, during which Jews faced unimaginable brutality. Beginning in England, Jews throughout Europe were forced to constantly move in order to avoid persecution. However, the ways that Jews were treated in their respective countries differed sharply from the ways that they were portrayed in literature. Jews were eventually forced to leave England in 1289, by Charles of Anjou’s Edict of Expulsion. An excerpt clearly outlines the intentions of England: Although we enjoy much temporal profit from the aforesaid Jews, we prefer to provide for the peace of our subjects rather than to fill our coffers with the mammon of iniquity, especially since by the loss of temporal goods spiritual gains are achieved. Therefore, exhibiting zeal for the life-giving Cross, we have, for the honour of God and the peace of the aforesaid areas, expelled and ordered expelled from our aforesaid counties of Anjou and Maine all Jews, male and female, adults and young people, children and infants, of whatever sex or condition they might have been born and raised. We have expelled them from all areas of these counties not only for the present but for all times, both for our time as well as that of our successors upon whom the said counties may happen to devolve. (Mundill 300) After weighing the monetary gains associate... ... International Bible Society, 1984. Bible Gateway. Muskegon, MI: Gospel Communications International, 2003. 16 Mar. 2004. Mundill, Robin R. England’s Jewish Solution: Experiment and Expulsion, 1262-1290. Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 1998. Roth, Cecil. A History of the Jews in England. Oxford: Oxford UP, 1978. Shapiro, James. Shakespeare and the Jews. New York: Columbia UP, 1996. Yaffe, Martin D. Shylock and the Jewish Question. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins UP, 1997. -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- [1] There is some disagreement about the influence of Dr. Lopez’s Jewish heritage. According to Berek, he was charged and executed because he was considered to be a traitor. Berek argues that the crime of â€Å"Jewishness† is only used when there is no other appropriate charge. Jews in the Renaissance: Irony of the Promised Land Essay -- Essays Pa Jews in the Renaissance: Irony of the Promised Land â€Å"The LORD appeared to Abram and said, ‘To your offspring I will give this land.’ So he built an altar there to the LORD, who had appeared to him† (Holy Bible, Gen. 12.7). Despite God’s oath to the Jews, this Promised Land has been repeatedly offered and confiscated by Christians. The Renaissance is one period in history, though, during which Jews faced unimaginable brutality. Beginning in England, Jews throughout Europe were forced to constantly move in order to avoid persecution. However, the ways that Jews were treated in their respective countries differed sharply from the ways that they were portrayed in literature. Jews were eventually forced to leave England in 1289, by Charles of Anjou’s Edict of Expulsion. An excerpt clearly outlines the intentions of England: Although we enjoy much temporal profit from the aforesaid Jews, we prefer to provide for the peace of our subjects rather than to fill our coffers with the mammon of iniquity, especially since by the loss of temporal goods spiritual gains are achieved. Therefore, exhibiting zeal for the life-giving Cross, we have, for the honour of God and the peace of the aforesaid areas, expelled and ordered expelled from our aforesaid counties of Anjou and Maine all Jews, male and female, adults and young people, children and infants, of whatever sex or condition they might have been born and raised. We have expelled them from all areas of these counties not only for the present but for all times, both for our time as well as that of our successors upon whom the said counties may happen to devolve. (Mundill 300) After weighing the monetary gains associate... ... International Bible Society, 1984. Bible Gateway. Muskegon, MI: Gospel Communications International, 2003. 16 Mar. 2004. Mundill, Robin R. England’s Jewish Solution: Experiment and Expulsion, 1262-1290. Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 1998. Roth, Cecil. A History of the Jews in England. Oxford: Oxford UP, 1978. Shapiro, James. Shakespeare and the Jews. New York: Columbia UP, 1996. Yaffe, Martin D. Shylock and the Jewish Question. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins UP, 1997. -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- [1] There is some disagreement about the influence of Dr. Lopez’s Jewish heritage. According to Berek, he was charged and executed because he was considered to be a traitor. Berek argues that the crime of â€Å"Jewishness† is only used when there is no other appropriate charge.