Biography of Rudyard Kipling Essay -- Rudyard Kipling Writers Authors

Life story of Rudyard Kipling 1865 - Kipling is conceived in Bombay, India. 1871 - Kipling and his more youthful sister Alice are isolated from their folks and sent to Britain to be taught. 1878 - Kipling enters state funded school in North Devon. 1882 - Kipling closes his proper instruction and comes back to India to turn into a student columnist. 1886 - Publication of Departmental Ditties. Kipling starts to become well known as a youthful essayist of some notoriety. 1887 - Soldiers Three, In Black and White, The Phantom Rickshaw, Wee Willie Winkle, The Story of the Gadsbys, and the accounts later gathered in The Smith Organization, The City of Dreadful Night, and Letters of Marque, were all composed and distributed. 1889 - Kipling comes back to London and leaves upon a time of rising popularity and extraordinary profitability. Kim, The Jungle Book, Stalky and Co., Captain’s Courageous , The Seven Seas and The Days Work are completely distributed to extraordinary achievement. 1891-Marries Caroline Balestrier and emigrates to the USA 1899 - Death of first conceived kid, Josephine, in New York. 1900 - Begins stay in South Africa. Becomes driving defender of the Boer War. 1908 - Greatly frustrated by the Liberal governments strategy in South Africa, Kipling comes back to England. 1914 - World War one starts. Kipling accepts his since quite a while ago held doubt of the Germans has been advocated. He again turns into an eager defender of the British war exertion. 1915 - Kipling’s multi year old child John vanishes in fight. Kipling never truly recoups from the misfortune. Kipling is determined to have the diseases that would later execute him. 1... ...nsued when John Kipling vanished in real life just a month after his appearance. Kipling considered the to be settlement at Versailles as another selling out, ridiculing the penances of the fallen partners. For his staying two decades, he persevered through steady torment and distress from a progression of misdiagnosed stomach diseases. In his life account Something of Myself (1935) , Kipling makes no notice of his long periods of torment, similarly as he additionally maintains a strategic distance from notice of different disasters throughout his life. He kept on composing, and to build up his craft, until an amazing finish. He passed on in January 1936. Works Cited Kipling, Rudyard. Something of Myself and Other Autobiographical Writings, ed. Thomas Pinney. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1990. Sullivan, Zoreh T. Stories of Empire : The Fictions of Rudyard Kipling. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1993.

A Report on Social Marketing Campaign Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

A Report on Social Marketing Campaign - Essay Example The spread of HIV and AIDS is mostly brought about by social and medical issues, hence social promoting offers instruments for tackling such issues through urging individuals to live more beneficial ways of life. As per Kotler and Roberto (1989); Rogers (1995), the possibility of dispersion and social advertising has been changed to shape systems for use by people in general all through Asia, Africa, North America and south America. As per the United Nations, in the previous two decades 60 million individuals have been tainted by HIV/AIDS and supposedly 20 million passings have been accounted for. Ninety-five percent of the contaminated populace by and by live in creating nations. The report on the Global HIV/AIDS Epidemic, UNAIDS (2002) cautioned that except if avoidance and treatment measures are set up and followed persistently, more than 68 million individuals would bite the dust in the following 20 years. Built up instances of HIV/AIDS disease have expanded in event all through various locale and various nations report serious HIV pandemics among infusing drug clients (IDUs). The nations with high recurrence of HIV diseases among IDUs are Myanmar, Thailand, Indonesia, Nepal, Malaysia, Vietnam, China, India and Iran. Avocation One of the significant HIV/AIDS pandemic accelerants is the medication misuse and abuse. The significant hindrance in the battle against new HIV contaminations, ongoing medication use and rising reactions is the restricted forward-thinking data on the size of the issue. Reports over a few nations on the quantity of HIV contamination cases show exceptional increment among IDUs. Nations experiencing significant change and particularly creating nations are amazingly powerless to medicate misuse and the dangers related therewith, heaping genuine weight on effectively delicate wellbeing and social offices. UNAIDS (2002) and WHO (2004) express that there was and still is the potential for a primary episode of HIV among the IDUs especially i n Russia and flanking nations in the Eastern Europe and in different various nations particularly across Asia. In certain nations with high HIV recurrence among the IDUs, HIV avoidance measures have been executed anyway reports of low viable effect capacity upon plague among the IDUs is because of their restricted accessibility and consequently get hardly any medication clients. Then again some surveyed nations are yet to establish strategies that explicitly address HIV/AIDS issues influencing the IDUs. A few nations once in a while address the issue before it turns into a pandemic and in this way the arrangement creators and projects entrusted with the medication use and HIV are considered superfluous. Over the world over, HIV and AIDS reaction in Australia is perceived as a triumph. The national predominance is lower contrasted with other high salary nations. Through friend instruction and network based associations the IDUs, gay networks, and sex laborers in Australia on a nation al signal arranged early and effective on the undeveloped emergency, for example, offering help, care and training on the significance of safe sex and medication infusing rehearses. At first, the administration and human services experts set up tough authority program, over the influenced networks and the pandemic on the loose. Australia keeps on using and increase from the great initiative establishment and the degree of the arrangement advancement. For example, the execution of

Choosing the Best Essay Examples to Use

Choosing the Best Essay Examples to UseIf you want to be prepared for your examinations in the first year, there are many different types of essay samples that you can go through. The problems with the majority of the examples will not even occur to you until you've actually read them. Here is a look at how to differentiate the best from the rest.Every time you need to demonstrate behavior reinforcement techniques, whether it is in a classroom or in a company setting, you need to use operant conditioning examples. This is because these kinds of examples are built on the very foundation of behavior reinforcement itself.The idea is that if you want to test your ability to understand and react to a specific behavior or reaction to a behavior or reaction, you should use an example that is similar to the behavior that you need to test. This means that you have to find examples that involve food, for example, and you have to find examples that have to do with moving, such as when you are d riving a car or when you are learning to ride a bike.You also need to use operant conditioning essay samples that are designed for testing how well you understand and react to behavior reinforcement techniques. This is because it is easy to show how much you understand a concept in a short essay, but hard to demonstrate that you understand it well when you are actually trying to apply it in a real life situation.For this reason, you also need to make sure that your examples are designed to work with possible use in a wide variety of situations. The problem with most of the examples is that they are too narrow, so that a student gets little benefit from the information they read and gets little chance to think about it.The best things to do when looking at operant conditioning essay samples is to read through as many of them as you can and then take a few minutes to go over them and see if you can spot the ones that are likely to be the best. This might take some time, but it will be well worth it.The better examples will give you the opportunity to read the details of the concept, and if you do you can begin to learn how to properly apply behavior reinforcement and other types of behavior reinforcement techniques in your own life. You will learn how to change your own behaviors and to do so positively without having to resort to punishments and threats.The best operant conditioning essay samples are going to give you the information you need to really improve your knowledge of behavior reinforcement techniques and their applications. This is why you need to look through as many of them as you can, and then take a little time to go over the ones that are particularly interesting to you and use them in your own life.

Hercules (Marble statue of a youthful Hercules) - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 4 Words: 1340 Downloads: 3 Date added: 2018/12/28 Category Art Essay Type Research paper Level High school Tags: Ancient Greece Essay Hero Essay Mythology Essay Did you like this example? Antiquated Greek and also Roman legends are known to be polytheistic religions which rose in Western Europe numerous years back. Both of their way of life has faith in indistinguishable divine beings from well as demigods, otherwise called half-divine beings; in any case they have distinctive names to assign them. Maybe the most popular demigod known most remarkably for his superhuman quality is Hercules, the Roman name for the Greek demigod Heracles (Henig and Martin, 2013). Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Hercules (Marble statue of a youthful Hercules)" essay for you Create order The superman-like figure is considerably more prevalent in folklore than specific divine beings and goddesses. After some time, specialists and stone carvers have endeavored to portray Hercules through various sorts of material and physical stances. Albeit every portrayal has its own singularity in the material by which it was made and the position the demigod is holding, all appear to delineate a comparative man. Practically every portrayal of Hercules seems to depict a similar individual: a huge man holding and looking like the highlights of a human however the quality and muscle meaning of something more prominent and far mightier (Warren Falkland 2001). The depiction of Hercules in an unknown sculptors Marble Statue of a Youthful Hercules, an unknown sculptors Marble Statue of a Bearded Hercules, and Francisco de Zurbarans painting Hercules and Cerberus 1634 all combine to show the same half-god through muscle definition and facial appearance (Nichols Marden, 2000). Hercules is known as one of most iconic legends of ancient world. There are many adoptions told about the Hercules tale, ranging as from books, to movies e.g. Hercules released in 1997 by Disney. As a legend Hercules is thought to have been son of mortal Zeus and Alcmene who was the King of Gods. Hercules was greatest of all Greek heroes, was a paragon of masculinity and strength, and was famous for courageous adventures (Henig Martin, 2013). In Greek, he was named Heracles; he is however known by Romans and western world as Hercules. Hercules left on numerous risky undertakings, in which his valor and courage was tried, and of the most celebrated of his enterprises were the twelve works. However these twelve works have no confirmation to propose there is any reality behind them (Nichols Marden, 2000). The twelve works comprised of numerous thorough deeds that no common man could fulfill, for example, Slaying the Menean Lion and the nine headed hydra, and also catching the Cretan Bull. These are only a few cases of the numerous legendary victories Hercules has been applauded for. Hercules is usually known for his quality, bravery, inventiveness, and sexual ability (Warren Falkland 2001). He was the benefactor and defender of Gymnasia and Palaestrae (Nichols Marden, 2000). His notable properties are the lion skin and the club, and he was the watchman of Olympus. After his passing he turned into the lord of legends, sports, competitors, wellbeing, horticulture, richness, exchange, prophets and heavenly defender o f humankind. These awards were once accepted to be valid by the antiquated Greeks; however the cutting edge world denies he was a divine being, and guardian of Olympus (Henig Martin, 2013). Hercules was a multifaceted figure with opposing qualities, which empowered later specialists and essayists to pick and pick how to speak to him (Warren Falkland 2001). This is the reason a large number of the cutting edge portrayals of him differ. However none of these portrayals speak to all reality, and they have all been fictionalized to make an all the more captivating story (Nichols Marden, 2000). Student of historys verbal confrontation with reference to whether Hercules really existed, some trust the stories of Hercules depend on truth, others trust it is all legendary. However present day Historians concur that the stories of Hercules have been over misrepresented and the stories of Hercules are anecdotal (Warren Falkland 2001). This is a direct result of the upgrades of science, which discount the likelihood of the presence of the Ancient Greek Gods, now that lighting and thunder, and other common occasions can be clarified. However this does not undermine Hercules presence. Without a doubt there could have been an overcome and wild warrior named Heracles from antiquated Greece. Almost certainly this warrior slaughtered numerous men and won many fights, however these remarkable genuine victories, would have been over dramatic zed and misrepresented into far-getting legendary experiences to make a decent story (Warren Falkland 2001). This is a hypothesis that backings the claim that Hercules existed, it has been created through examination of old Historians, for example, Tacitus and Aristotles books that Hercules includes in it. With upgrades in science, and absence of proof we can concur that Hercules undertakings are anecdotal. There is no uncertainty he didnt share in his twelve works which included fetes, for example, killing the nine headed hydra, and he clearly did not hold the world on his shoulders. Furthermore, almost certainly that Hercules did not bite the dust and ascend to end up noticeably a divine being, despite the fact that the old Greeks really put stock in Hercules and these legends amid the old circumstances (Warren Falkland 2001). The legend of Hercules becoming alive once again and turning into a divine being, and the religion of the antiquated Greeks can be contrasted with Jesus and Christianity. 33% of the total populace trusts that Jesus was genuine; however there are comparable measures of confirmation to support Hercules was genuine, as there is for Jesus (Henig Martin, 2013). Over time artists and sculptors have attempted to depict Hercules through different types of material and physical poses. Although each depiction has its own individuality in the material by which it was created and the stance the demigod is holding almost all seem to depict a similar man. Almost every depiction of Hercules appears to describe the same person a massive man holding and resembling the features of a human but the strength and muscle definition of something greater and far mightier (Nichols Marden, 2000). The depiction of Hercules in an unknown sculpt to Marble Statue of a Youthful Hercules an un known sculpt or Marble Statue of a Bearded Hercules and Francis code Zurbaran painting Hercules and Cerberus all combine to show the same half god through muscle definition and facial appearance. The story of Hercules tells of a mortal boy born by Zeus king of the god and Alcmene a mortal woman. He walks and talks like a human while with holding the god-like power of strength. Though he is a man he is so far removed from the ordinary that the generic classification hardly contains him (EugeneMWaith1). In order to earn immortality and the respect of the gods upon Mt. Olympus Hercules is faced with many difficult tasks each designed to test his strength courage and desire to become immortal. The completion of twelve humanly impossible labors known as The 12 Labors of Hercules would allow not only for Hercules immortality and passage into Mt. Olympus but for his recognition as the greatest of all the Roman heroes in mythology (Nichols Marden, 2000). Of the twelve excruciating tasks the most difficult and dangerous is by far Hercules final labor capturing Cerberus and bringing him back to earth. Using his strength and agility Hercules drags the three-headed guard dog of the underworld all the way to the earth surface in order to satisfy the requirements of his task. This moment represents Hercules acceptance as an immortal among men finally allowed to ventur e onto Mt. Olympus. In conclusion, the legend of Hercules becoming alive once again and turning into a divine being, and the religion of the antiquated Greeks can be contrasted with Jesus and Christianity. 33% of the cutting edge total populace trusts that Jesus was genuine; however there is a comparable measure of confirmation to help Hercules was genuine, as there is to help Jesus References Henig, Martin. A new cameo from Lincolnshire.The Antiquaries Journal? 50, no. 2 (2013): 338-340. Nichols, Marden. Contexts for the Display of Statues in Classical Antiquity.? Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History? (2000). Warren, Falkland. Notes on Coins found in Cyprus.? The Numismatic Chronicle and Journal of the Numismatic Society11 (1891): 140-151.

Social Media Marketing For Marketing Essay - 1105 Words

SOCIAL MEDIA MARKETING TIPS FOR SMALL BUSINESS- A GOOD WAY TO START LOCAL WORK Using social media for marketing can enable small business looking to further their reach to more customers. Your customers are interacting with brands through social media; therefore, having a strong social media presence on the web is the key to tap into their interest. If implemented correctly, marketing with social media can bring remarkable success to your business. What is Social Media Marketing? Social media marketing is a form of internet marketing that implements various social media networks in order to achieve marketing communication and branding goals. Social media marketing primarily covers activities involving social sharing of content, videos, and images for marketing purposes. At Word Stream, we ve created this guide to provide you with the social media marketing training you need to better your business. We want to give small businesses on short budgets an alternative to hiring a social media marketing agency or paying for social media marketing services. Social Media for Marketing: Developing Your Goals 1. Social media marketing can help with a number of goals, such as: 2. Web site traffic 3. Conversions 4. Brand awareness 5. Creating a brand identity and positive brand association 6. Communication and interaction with key audiences 7. Only by establishing your goals can you measure your social media ROI. Best Social Media Marketing Tips: Learn Marketing with Social MediaShow MoreRelatedMarketing : Marketing On Social Media Essay1428 Words   |  6 PagesMarketing on Social Media Maggie H. King Appalachian State University Currently 78 percent of United States residents have at least one active social media account. This statistic has increased nearly ten percent in the last two years, showing that social media is a critical communication tool (U.S. Statistic, 2016). 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Don tRead MoreThe Importance Of Social Media Marketing?1323 Words   |  6 PagesWhat Is the Importance of Social Media Marketing? By Naim Ahmed | Submitted On September 21, 2015 Recommend Article Article Comments Print Article Share this article on Facebook Share this article on Twitter Share this article on Google+ Share this article on Linkedin Share this article on StumbleUpon Share this article on Delicious Share this article on Digg Share this article on Reddit Share this article on Pinterest Expert Author Naim Ahmed In the world of technology communication hasRead MoreSocial Media Marketing Manager1222 Words   |  5 PagesSALEH AHMED DAWABSHEH Mobile: +(970) 569396697 E-mail: s.dawabsheh@gmail.com [pic] To pursue a challenging career in a competitive work environment in which I can apply my knowledge and expertise particularly in Marketing, Product Management and Social Media. [pic] †¢ Name: DAWABSHEH, Saleh Ahmed †¢ Address: Ramallah, Palestine †¢ Mobile: 00970-56-9396697 †¢ EMail: s.dawabsheh@gmail.com †¢ Nationality: Palestinian âÅ"“ Palestinian Passport #: 2083403 Read MoreEssay On Social Media Marketing1069 Words   |  5 PagesSocial Media Marketing Or Email Marketing For Android App Development Every mobile app development company is currently aspiring to reach a wider audience and obtain more users due to the increasing competition among other development companies which are becoming much stiffer. Unfortunately, many are yet to decide on which marketing medium to choose. It is actually hard to compare between email marketing and social media marketing, as they are basically designed to serve different purposes inRead MoreThe Social Media Marketing Strategy Essay1262 Words   |  6 Pagesto be involved in social media marketing. 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Essay on BSBWOR501B Assessment 1 - 2301 Words

Assessment 1:: Theory Ques Instructions for submitting your answers: Step 1: Type your answers underneath each of the questions below and save the document. Step 2: Upload your responses using the following link: http://www.learningspot.com.au/mod/assignment/view.php?id=2088 Questions Q1: In order to enhance your personal knowledge and working relationships, you decide to join some professional organisations. List 3 sources of how you would find details of professional organisations? Answer: 1 Research internet 2 Contact the HR division of your company 3 Contact your union Tutor Use Only Successful☠ Unsuccessful☠ Date: Click here to enter a date. Tutor Feedback: Click here to enter text. Q2: List 3 professional†¦show more content†¦Tutor Feedback: Click here to enter text. Q5: Define (in 1 or 2 sentences) 5 strategies you can put into place to measure and maintain the personal performance of your staff and yourself in order to meet the operational needs of your company? Answer: 1 Setting targets in line with experience – KPI’s are set to measure our performance, this is a gauge as to what you are good at. A report of KPI’s (broken down) can show what your strengths and weaknesses are – it will show if you are not meeting the same target on a monthly basis and in turn will lead to identifying the skill in question and additional training in this one particular skill can be set. 2 Conducting performance reviews – your knowledge and skill levels are assessed in accordance with the organisations standards, this in turn leads to identifying areas that need further development and a plan can be structured to meet these needs. 3 Observation – as a manager, you need to watch your employees from a client point of view. Have they been polite, asked the right questions and really listened to their answers to identify their needs, updated their details on file, closed the sale, thanked them for their time and invited them back. By having a check list of what your organisation requires from their employees, you can acknowledge what they are doing well and what needs work. 4 Obtaining feedback – Listening to your colleagues and acknowledging them positively while

Ragged Dick and His Success Essay Example For Students

Ragged Dick and His Success Essay It is easy to assume that Ragged Dick rose to success because of hard work, but his honesty and generosity and his encounters with the right people truly changed his life for the better. Anyone can work hard and earn a decent living, but Dick had luck on his side. Many times, his honesty and generosity reaped great rewards. Other times, he was lucky to run into people who would help support his quest for a respectable living. Unlike other bootblacks, Ragged Dick believed in honesty, and this helped him become more successful than his peers. Once, a clerk tried to keep a bill that Dick asked him to change by claiming it was counterfeit (Alger, 11-12).The bill belonged to Dicks client, and Dick led him into the store to expose the clerk as a cheater (Alger, 13-14). In the end, the clerk was fired for his dishonesty, and the client rewarded Dick fifty extra cents for his trouble (p.14). Dicks morality was even evident in his appearance. Mr. Whitney, a stranger to Dick, spontaneously decided to trust Dick as Franks tour guide because he believes that looks honest. He has an open face, and be depended upon (Alger, 16). Because of this, Dick developed a valuable friendship with Frank and also received $5 for his services (Alger, 57). Finally, Dick displayed his honesty to Mr. Greyson by bringing back the 15 cents he owed the man, and as a reward, Mr. Greyson invited him to attend his Sunday School classes (Alg er, 72). Furthermore, Dicks acts of generosity and kindness led to self-fulfillment and career advancement. As soon as he realized Fosdick did not have a home, Dick offered to share his room in Mott Street (Alger, 73). In return, Fosdick taught him to read and write, and these valuable skills qualified Dick for a higher-paying job (Alger, 74). Rather than be competitive, Dick allowed Fosdick to set up his black box beside him, and this proved to be favorable because they both earned more than they usually would by themselves (Alger, 79). In another instance, Toms family was struggling to survive because his mother broke her arm and cannot work (Alger, 100). Dick generously offered Tom five dollars, and afterwards, Dick felt a justifiable pride in his financial ability to afford so handsome a giftin more ways than one, Dick was beginning to reap the advantage of his self-denial and judicious economy (Alger, 116). Finally, for Dick to be successful, he had to meet the right people at the right time. He was lucky to run into Mr. Whitney, who did not have time to show New York City to his nephew Frank (Alger, 15). Because Dick offered to be Franks tour guide, he received a new suit, and this new appearance allowed Dick to appear as a respectable gentleman (Alger, 17). Dick was also lucky to have regular clients who were fond of his wit and humor, and because of this, they would gift him clothes (Alger, 97). Finally, Dick was also fortunate to run into a situation where he needed to save a boy from drowning (Alger, 127). As a reward, the boys father gave him new clothes and offered him a job (Alger, 130). In the end, Dick was able to become more successful than the other bootblacks, not only because he worked hard, but because he was honest, generous, and lucky to gain support from helpful people. Because he was moral and likable, Dick earned new clothes, an education, and a job. This shows that it took good values and help from outsiders for Ragged Dick to become Richard Hunter.

Benny Carters Biography and Work

Dates (Birth/Death/major milestones Benny Carter was born on the 8th day of August in 1907. He was an American jazz musician (Yanow, 168). He was a bandleader, an arranger as well as a music composer. He was also a clarinetist and a talented alto saxophonist. He later died on the 12th day of July 2003. The artist enjoyed and dominated eight decades of singing. In 1987, he won the Lifetime Achievement Award after successful nomination into the award’s category.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Benny Carter’s Biography and Work specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More He also won the Best Jazz Instrumental Solo award way back in 1994. However, he was a nominee in several Jazz and RB categories such as the Best Jazz Instrumental Performance – Group and the Best Jazz Instrumental Solo in 1986 and 1993 respectively. Birthplace and Major Locations during life. Benny Carter’s birthplace was i n New York City. In 1935, the Jazz artist moved to Europe. His main purpose for relocating was to work for the British Broadcasting Corporation as a staff arranger and also join Lewis’s orchestra as a trumpet player. He traveled widely across Europe for three consecutive years while recording jazz music with other renowned artists in the region. In 1948, he returned home and shortly moved to Los Angeles. He formed a powerful orchestra team while in Los Angeles (Berger 77). Musical Training The Jazz artist was not trained in music at the initial stages of his career. However, he later joined concert, seminar and music classes at Princeton University after being convinced by Morroe Berger. The latter was a professor of Sociology at the institution. He was awarded an honorary masters degree in humanities by the institution. Performance Instruments Benny Carter was trained by his mother how to play piano at a very tender age. At the age of fifteen years, he was in a position to t each himself how to play piano and other instruments. The top bands in New York also professionalized his skills in singing and playing vital instruments (Martin 6). Historical Importance He strongly presented the beauty and value of music in three major genres, namely jazz, big band, and the swing.Advertising Looking for research paper on art and design? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Writing or composing styles The artist wrote the songs by himself. There were limited songs that were co-written in his large collection of musical compositions. Method of composing He performed in group bands. He was also a soloist who composed and performed in large orchestras. Musical Innovations and Inventions information are not available in this area.  Interesting facts He divorced three times and finally settled with the fifth wife He was the only male in a family of six children. He was also referred to as the king by other musicians and fans of his music. Interactions He intensively interacted with the top bands in New York during his early life in a music career. He interacted with Miley, who was a superb player of the trumpet. The artist worked with BBC as a music arranger. Major types of compositions He was a music arranger, a sideman, songwriter, and bandleader. Occupation Benny Carter made a living as a musical arranger, composer, leader of various bands, and an outstanding musician. Family Life The Jazz artist married in 1925 although the wife died after merely after three years of marriage. She suffered from a serious bout of pneumonia. However, he married four more times and eventually settled with Hilma Ollila Arons as the fifth wife. Although they got married in 1979, the couple had known each other since 1940. The artist divorced three wives. Major works Some of the major works of Benny Carter included Only Trust Your Heart When Lights Are Low and Gone with the Wind. He wrote these songs by himse lf. His compositions were interpreted by almost fifteen artists due to the perceived complexity. In the songs above, he blended them quite well with instruments bearing in mind that he was also conversant with playing several musical instruments (Dicaire 169). Works Cited Berger, Morroe. Benny Carter, a Life in American Music. London: Scarecrow Press, 1982. Print.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Benny Carter’s Biography and Work specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Dicaire, David. Jazz Musicians of the Early Years, to 1945. North Carolina: McFarland Company, Inc. Publishers, 2003. Print. Martin, Henry. Jazz: The First 100 Years. Thomson: Wadsworth, 2005. Print. Yanow, Scott. Jazz on Record: The First Sixty Years. New York: Backbeat Books, 2003. Print. This research paper on Benny Carter’s Biography and Work was written and submitted by user Braelynn Klein to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

The History and Business of Making Lump Charcoal

The History and Business of Making Lump Charcoal Charcoal is a formless mass of carbon and can be made from most carbonaceous materials. It is one of the oldest of man-made fuels and has been prepared under the ground for a thousand years. Charcoal in lump form is still a major source of energy throughout the world and unfortunately, is one of the main causes of deforestation in the World. Historical Charcoal Production Wood charcoal production dates back to ancient human prehistory when  stacks of wood logs on their ends were formed into a pyramidal pile. Openings were created at the bottom of the pile and attached to a central flue for circulating air. The whole woodpile was either constructed in an earth covered pit or covered with clay above ground. A wood fire was started at the flue base and gradually smoldered and spread up and out. Ancient charcoal pits, under average conditions, yielded about 60 percent of the total wood by volume, but only 25% by weight, of charcoal product. Even by the seventeenth century, advances in technology yielded nearly 90 percent efficiency and was a skill that took years to learn and a major investment in kilns and retorts which had long replaced the pit method. Current Charcoal Production Much like the old process, the modern commercial charcoal process is to heat wood with little or no air present which takes special but simple equipment. In the United States, wood is the primary material used for charcoal and is generally procured in the form of residue from sawmills - slabs and edgings. Sawmills love to find users of this material because of environmental problems with burning and disposal of mill wastes. Where there are sawmills, there is an available raw product. The United States Forest Service has estimated that there are nearly 2,000 charcoal-producing units in the United States, including brick kilns, concrete and masonry block kilns, sheet steel kilns, and retorts (a steel metal building). The state of Missouri produces a significant portion of this national charcoal product (they have until recently had less stringent environmental regulations) and 98 percent of all charcoal is produced in the eastern United States. While charcoal can be made from any number of natural materials, hardwoods such as hickory, oak, maple, and fruit-woods are favored. They have unique aromas and tend to produce a better grade of charcoal. Better grades of charcoal come from raw materials with low sulfur content. The uses of charcoal may surprise you. Besides being the fuel that cooks steaks, hot dogs, and hamburgers on a Sunday picnic, charcoal is used in many other processes. It is used in certain metallurgical purifying treatments and as a filter to remove organic compounds such as chlorine, gasoline, pesticides, and other toxic chemicals from water and air. Activated charcoal, which has a super absorptive surface, is growing in use as a purifier. It is used in purifying and refining metals and in the gas masks that were used during the Gulf War. NutraSweet  uses activated charcoal to transform their product into a powder. Activated charcoal is used as an antidote for many types of poisons and is touted as an effective anti-flatulent. Lump Charcoal as a Business Most charcoal manufacturers sell their product as a briquette. This market has been dominated by several companies to include Kingsford, Royal Oak, and major grocery market brands. These companies may or may not make lump charcoal which is an alternate product that has some advantages and has potential as a small start-up business. Some new and exciting grill technologies actually require charcoal in lump form. An entrepreneur hoping to survive in the charcoal industry will require originality and very good and aggressive marketing. Many small companies have survived but most have not made it big. Theyve found that their potential in the niche charcoal market is by making natural hardwood lump charcoal. Innovative ideas like developing a product in a bag that has a fuse, which when lit will ignite the charcoal. This quick light product combined with an easy-to-use paraffin coated container filled with natural charcoal has been a modest success in some local markets. A major hurdle is creating an appealing package. Technical problems with storage make for unappealing packages and can affect sales. You may find your bag on the bottom shelf in the back of the store because of a plain package. You may also have a problem finding distributors that handle small volumes. There is also the potential for other products. Wood charcoal has a low sulfur content, unlike coal or petroleum products. This wood charcoal can be used where other forms of carbon cannot. Developing a specialty activated charcoal for filtration of consumables like air and water is possible. This low sulfur charcoal product would be sold to a large manufacturer of activated carbon like Calgon Carbon of Pittsburgh, PA. Starting a Charcoal Business In addition to the raw material, you will have to have an area suitable for heating the material while allowing only a minimal amount of air circulation. This may be a brick kiln or you may opt for a type of metal building called a retort. You can expect to pay up to several hundred thousand dollars for one of these. You also must develop a sorting and crushing operation. The wood that has been cooked is smaller than its original size by about one-third. It must be broken down into marketable pieces. This would have to be done by a customized piece of equipment made by a made-to-order machine shop. There is no reasonable cost estimate here - youve got to do a lot of leg work. Then you have to bag or package the carbon. Bagging machines are readily available from bagging equipment supply companies. Charcoal presents somewhat of a bagging problem due to a large variance in the sizes of the piece. These problems are not impossible to correct and a bagging line could cost you as much as $100 thousand. You can get less expensive ones. The best strategy for making a business success in lump charcoal is to keep the market local or regional. You might link up with a grill or outdoor oven company and combine your marketing efforts. Advertise the product as superior, natural charcoal that has advantages over briquettes. Many people are not aware that charcoal is available in this all-natural form. Advantages of Lump Charcoal Lump charcoal is an all-natural, 100 percent hardwood product with no additives.Natural charcoal heats faster than briquettes, so food can be cooked over natural charcoal within 5 to 7 minutes after lighting.Lump charcoal can be lit without lighter fluid and with just a match and some newspaper - this means no off-flavors.One pound of hardwood charcoal produces the equivalent heat of two pounds of briquette charcoal. Disadvantages of Lump Charcoal Although lump charcoal is growing in popularity, consumer demand still lags behind formed charcoal briquettes.Even though lump charcoal is a more efficient heat producer, its current price is nearly twice that of briquettes.Lump charcoal is bulkier, has odd shapes, and crushes more easily. It tends to become dusty and flakes off.

Indicative Marking Criteria Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Indicative Marking Criteria - Essay Example Animal textile is the most widespread source of fabric that comes in the form of hair, fur and skin from sheep, goats and camel among others. Several entities similarly find plant fabric alluring, as most of their extracts are cool and can be put on during the summer (Gilman et al. 2011, pg. 108). It is for this reason that the industry players consider cotton, hemp, pineapple and bamboo of great significance in their daily operations. Minerals also act as sources of raw materials with the likes of asbestos and basalt coming in handy (Wilderer 2011, pg. 56). The same applies to synthetic fabric, aramid strands, and metal fibres. Given the advancement in technology, most of the industry players use machines to extract the textile from their sources. Taking such a measure comes in handy in making sure that the material maintains its high-quality nature. After the completion of the abstraction process, the textile is then subjected to a spinning procedure, which is the method of generating yarns from the extracted textile. In carrying out spinning, different types of fibers are whirled together with the aim of making a stronger kind of yarn (Mishra 2010, pg. 147). In as much as spinning is the initial production step, it is vital in the textile manufacturing industry, for it assists in ensuring that the finished products are of high quality. Upon completion of the spinning process, the produced yarns are then directed to a loom for the weaving procedure. Weaving involves interlinking a set of longer threads frequently known as warps against an additional set identified as the weft (Miller et al. 2012, pg. 89). Interlacing is routinely done at right angles, with the product being a fabric. Ideally, the warp threads often run the length of the fabric, while the weft runs horizontally. This process is always undertaken in a loom, as it can securely hold the warp threads as the weft fabrics are knitted

The Big Weight Dilemma Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The Big Weight Dilemma - Term Paper Example A person is considered obese when the BMI measurement is 30 or more (Solomon, Berg and Martin, 2004, p. 892). Obesity is an acute case of malnutrition. And that it occurs when there is an increase in the size of fat cells or when there is an increase in the number of fat cells, or both. (Salomon, Berg and Martin, p. 892) There are numerous scholarly work and medical research that explain the causes and dynamics behind the problem. For instance, some studies suggest how obesity can be genetically inherited. However, the most widely recognized cause is primarily overeating and the sheer amount of fatty food intake that accumulates during childhood and in many cases until the adult life. There are also experts who point to the role played by social and lifestyle factors because of the patterns of food consumption and the physical activity level prevalent in a particular society. (Mooney, Knox and Schacht, 2010, p. 41). This is the reason why obesity is most pronounced in affluent countr ies. In lower income countries, the incidence of obesity is concentrated in urban areas and in people belonging to higher class (UK 2004, p. 48). Health Risk Obesity is a health problem and it is a cause of concern. This is because this health condition increases the risk for several illnesses such as diabetes, several types of cancer, heart disease, hypertension, arthritis, asthma and other health problems. The World Health Organization reported that it is included in the top 19 health problems and that it contributes to about 300,000 deaths annually in the United States alone (Salomon, Berg and Martin, p. 892). A recent study suggested that obesity will shorten the average life expectancy of people by at least two to five years over the next fifty years, reversing the mostly steady increase in life expectancy that has occurred over the past two centuries (Money, Knox and Schacht, p. 40). Now these are disturbing because statistics depict an increasing trend in America. The latest figures released by the government show that more than 66 percent of American adults age 20 and older are overweight and 32 percent are obese (Hoeger and Hoeger, 2009, p. 149). From 2007 to 2008, it was revealed that at least 17 percent of the US children and adolescents are obese, which is roughly 12.5 million: 10.4 percent of 2-5 year-olds, 19.6 percent of 6-11 year-olds and 18.1 of 12-19 year-olds (O’Dea and Eriksen, 2010, p. 86). In addition to the health risk factors, obesity can also take its toll on the healthcare spending in the United States. By 2018, it is estimated that the medical cost associated with obesity will rise to about $344 billion or about 22 percent of the gross domestic product of the United States. This variable is particularly important especially that the overall cost of health care today is increasingly becoming less accessible to people. Conclusion Having, clearly identified the cause for the high incidence of obesity in America, one could say tha t it is easy to design interventions and solutions in order to deal with the problem. However, experts do not see the trend getting reversed anytime soon. I thin this is because solutions entail lifestyle changes, which is difficult for people to undertake. Also, obesity is widely seen as merely an indirect precursor to many health problems that is why people are taking

The structure of the business Essay Example for Free

The structure of the business Essay As you can see from the organisational chart above, Venetian Ices LTD is a respectful size. As from the diagram above it is obvious that there is a large span of control and a reasonable chain of command, this means that communication is very accurate as there is less levels for messages to pass through before the message finally reaches the desired person. Managers are also at an advantage as they are less remote from the lower level of hierarchy, these managers as a result are more in touch with subordinates as there are less managers. Also as there is a small chain of command and a large span of control, managers have more responsibilities, this may at first seem as a disadvantage but after consideration, it is obvious that under the circumstances more delegation will occur meaning subordinates will have more to do. As a result of this employees will come more motivated as there is more of a responsibility handed to them. However a foremost disadvantage is that as managers have a wider range of control, then they may lose control of what their many subordinates are doing. In most businesses there are 4 main functions- Marketing, Production, Finance and Personnel. The production function which I am concerned with throughout this course work, is in charge of ordering the raw materials in which the business produces its product, this is vital as with-out the raw materials then the business would not be able to process the product or in other words, without the raw material Venetian Ices LTD would not be able to produce their ice cream and therefore will be unable to make a profit. The department is also in charge of designing the product along side the marketing section, the two sections try to work together to provide the best product available. This section of production also works together with the finance department in case of damaged machinery of any new material the business has to purchase, if there are any problems then the production manager would provide listings of new investments needed. The production department also have to work within laws of production, in order to make sure that when they produce their product they are abiding different laws which surround the business. This is an aspect of my course work which I have to research into, as I have to reveal to the Venetian Ices LTD directors which laws they have to abide by to produce ice cream. There are three main methods of production, job production, batch production and flow production. Job production is where products are made specifically to order, for example a tailor would make a new suit to match the consumer needs. In this method each order is different, and may or may not be repeated in the same way. Other examples specialist machinery manufacturers who would manufacture a machine for another business to meet particular specification. In this method the costumer is allowed to choose the exact requirements they wish to acquire, which is a distinct advantage. Also workers will proceed to become more motivated, as they get more job satisfaction because employees are not repeating there job over and over again, but instead are doing new requirements every time a new order occurs. However skilled labour is often needed, as employees have to be able to meet incalculable costumer requirements. This is not a method used by Venetian Ices LTD as they make many ice cream products for different supermarkets. One product for each market would not recoup enough profit nor meet supply and demand. Another production method is batch production, this is where similar products are made in blocks or batches. A certain number of another product is made, then another product is made and so on. Examples include when a baker makes one type of bread and then when that order is completed another design of bread is commences. Another example is that when a house design is made acceptable in a certain development area, that design is used several times and after that design is refined with, a new batch of houses is designed. This design is particularly useful as design transformations are easy to complete and progress. Furthermore motivation towards employees is also taken into account as they are not constantly completing the same procedure, but however there is more a variety in job production. For small businesses, this method would bring them to a disadvantage as raw material stock would need to be stored and warehouse space can often consume profits. This method may be used by Venetian Ices LTD in order to see if a new flavour or design fits in well with costumer needs and wants. By only producing a few amounts of their new products they will be able to test their product on the market without risking high values of cash. The last production method is the most continuous, the method is called Flow production. This method is often referred as mass production due to the heavy quantity of products being produced. The basic ingredients of the product are put together at separate levels as the pass different sectors of a production line. I.e. as each component moves along the production belt, another piece is added to the overall product. Large product quantities are made within this method and as a result of purchasing economies the business may buy materials below the average price of that certain material. By taking advantage of purchasing economies, the business can buy in bulk fore a much lower price, by buying each unit at a cheaper price it gives the business a greater benefit against smaller companies who may not buy in the same bulk amounts, as a result it enables the business to sell its product at a much less price, making their product more favourable in the eyes of the public. However research suggest that workers are hard to motivate under these circumstances, for the work is often boring and then same day in and day out. Another essential disadvantage is that high amounts of capital is needed to set up flow production machinery, which may discourage the directors of a business to venture in to this production method. The production function has to also choose the location of manufacturing for it is vital that the right selection of location is chosen. Shown below is a diagram of factors affecting the choice of location: Probably one of the most complicated sections is the finance department that is managed by John Hardy. This function has to be in charge of controlling financial transactions within all the business. It controls the transaction by budgeting and analysing a series of accounts, the analysation occurs is through many different accounts such as cash flow forecast, profit and loss accounts etc This function is important in the sale of a new product as without tracing the sales of a new product then there would be no record of increases or decreases, resulting in a risk of a business losing profit. Probably an extremely important aspect of this function is through the finance department making budgets in which the company has to cope with. It is vital that the company deals within a budget as without a budget, the company may over spend and come drowned in dept. This may leave the future of the company in doubt. The final section is the personnel department, this department deals with the employees, meaning it controls interviews with new employees, selecting staff for promotion, discipline within the company and who will receive bonuses for working well. As well as these responsibilities the function has the more important job of making sure the company workers are well motivated. They do this in many ways, a few of which are giving job perks company car, holidays, special bonuses and personnel problems in which the employees have to deal with. If however a vacancy occurs within a business, then it is the personnel departments responsibility to attract and recruit the most suitable and most qualified staff. If the recruitment process is not completed to the highest degree, then the company could be face with members of staff who are in capable of doing the job that they were employed to do. Also the personnel department is faced with the difficult job of the dismissal and redundancy making of staff. The reason why some members of staff may be faced with dismissal maybe because the company feel that that certain member of staff is not performing to the complete standards that they wished that member would work at. Or a member may be of a certain old age, where the company feel that that staff member is coming to an end of their career. Management responsibilities in different departments Human resources department *Forecasting staff needs for the business * Preparing job descriptions and job specifications * Planning staff training courses * Interviewing and selecting staff * Keeping staff records * Disciplining staff * Recruiting staff * Preparing job descriptions and job specifications * Planning staff training courses * Interviewing and selecting staff * Keeping staff records *Disciplining staff Marketing department * Market research * Planning new products * Keeping and extracting sales records * Deciding upon the best marketing mix strategy Finance department * Recording all financial transactions * Collecting and presenting financial data * Analysing the profitability of new investment projects * Keeping cashflow control * Preparing budgets for the business Production department * Ordering stock and materials * Developing and designing new products * Locating buildings in the most cost effective areas * Designing on production methods * Controlling production to ensure high levels of efficiency * Maintaining machinery * Making sure quality of products is of standard

frankenstein (not full) :: essays research papers

Differences and Similarities are used to emphasize certain aspects of things. This idea is commonly when a movie is made that is based on a book. The director of the movie may choose to keep details in his movie that adheres to the details in the book that the movie is based on. He may also choose to change some details from the book to what he perceives to be more fitting. In the case of Frankenstein the novel and the 1995 movie version of Mary Shelly?s Frankenstein, there were notable differences and similarities. The differences dealing with the education of the monster and the ending of the story, and similarity dealing with the turning point of the story help create a better understanding of this complex story. A notable difference between the book and the movie was the education of the Monster. They both focus around the Monster?s time spent watching the De Lacey?s. In the movie his time was devoted mostly to just watching the family and how they acted towards each other. He learned quite quickly how to speak and read and learned to understand the different emotions people possessed. The only justification of the Monster?s rapid learning process is that in a movie not a great deal of time can be spent on this or else the movie would drag on. Although not a lot of time was spent on showing the development of the Monster?s education in the movie, the book however went into great detail in describing its education. During his stay in the shack near the De Lacey?s cottage the Monster came across four books that would enlighten him and show the reader the learning of the Monster step by step. The first book was Volney?s Ruins of Empires.

International Institutions and Realism

Becky, Tam Hing Lui Prof. Chan Ding Ding GPEC 5002 Challenges to the Global System: Insecurity of the World 17 November 2012 HOW CAN INTERNATIONAL INSTITUTIONS FACILITATE COOPERATION? WHAT WOULD A REALIST SAY ABOUT INTERNATIONAL INSTITUTIONS? Nations call for cooperation especially during and after crisis. One example was the Bretton Wood system created in 1944, with the purpose to revive the global economy after the serious damage in WWII. After the 2008 financial crisis, nations again asked for more international regulations and monitoring on the global financial system and suggested the â€Å"Bretton Wood II†.When we step back and think again, does the international regime facilitate cooperation between nations to solve global issues? The school of Liberalism puts more emphasis on the role of international institutions. Robert Keohane defined institutions as â€Å"persistent and connected sets of rules, both formal and informal, that prescribe behavioral roles, constrain a ctivity, and shape expectations† (1). By definition, International Monetary Fund (IMF), World Bank, World Trade Organization (WTO) are formal institution while Bretton Wood Agreement, General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) are informal.Under the anarchy environment in the international platform, it is possible to facilitate cooperation through the establishment of international organizations by two specific features: Centralization and Independence (2). It is the independence and neutral characteristic of the international organizations that enhance the legitimacy of its actions, causing states willing to gather together and authorize the international organizations to centralize the activities and ultimately achieve cooperation. This reduces transaction costs and increase efficiency.Institutions coordinate activities including setting up forums and conferences, managing substantive operations, norm elaboration, neutral information provider, acting as trustee/arbiter, i ntervention and enforcement (2). We have identified 5 signature international institutions (IMF, World Bank, Bretton Wood System, GATT, WTO) as examples below to illustrate how the conduct of the above mentioned activities through the international organizations facilitate cooperation in the modern history. (I) IMF, World Bank, the Bretton Wood System and GATTBoth IMF and World Bank were established since the Bretton Wood system began. After WWII, countries suffered from poor economy as global production and trade were dampened during the war period. During the Great Depression of the 1930s, countries attempted to shore up their failing economies by sharply raising barriers to foreign trade, devaluing their currencies to compete against each other for export markets, and curtailing their citizens' freedom to hold foreign exchange. These attempts proved to be self-defeating. World trade declined sharply, and employment and living standards plummeted in many countries (3).There was st rong common interest amongst the states to boost up the economy. To facilitate trade and production, a stable monetary system is necessary and this is where the Bretton Wood system began. The US took the lead to stabilize the international monetary system by pegging USD into gold at a fixed rate (USD35 / ounce of gold) while the remaining 44 countries agreed to keep their exchange rates pegged to USD at rates that could be adjusted only to correct a â€Å"fundamental disequilibrium† in the balance of payments, and only with the IMF's agreement.The IMF therefore became the independent clearing house of the balance of payments and to ensure the exchange rate mechanism worked as specified. International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD), now the World Bank Group underwrite private loans to stimulate economy. Both the organizations obtained the legitimacy from their independence and neutrality hence was able to manage the substantive operations between states efficie ntly and effectively. Members in General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) agreed on reduction in tariffs and trade barriers amongst members.The GATT, unlike the IMF and World Bank, was not an independent organization but rather a forum within which countries met. This provides a platform for elites to negotiate and reach agreement and avoid conflicts and adverse competition. With the GATT rounds held between 1947 and 1967, most barriers have been removed and tariffs have been the lowest. With the Bretton Wood framework in place along with the newly established international institutions which provide free market, long term capital and stable monetary system, global trade and production exploded during the period.Over the first 25 postwar years, the volume of world trade doubled every 10 years (4). This has been proven as a successful international cooperation in the modern history. (II) World Trade Organization (WTO) Established under the Marrakech Agreement in 1995, the Geneva based WTO replaced GATT as the center of world trade system. Its core principles are to promote market liberalization, non-discrimination and provide legal structure for international trade. Same as GATT, it provides forum for trade negotiations and administers trade agreements.In addition, WTO also supplies mechanism through which governments may resolve trade disputes, review and propagate the national trade policies, provide useful data and information, and to ensure the coherence and transparency of trade policies through surveillance in global economic policy-making. The Decision making process is transparent, rules based and members driven. Each member government has one vote. WTO members have agreed that, if they believe fellow-members are violating trade rules, they will use the multilateral system of settling disputes instead of taking action unilaterally.The Dispute Settlement Board consists of the Appellate Body, the WTO Secretariat, arbitrators, independent experts and several specialized institutions (WTO website). According to WTO data, world merchandise exports worth over $5 trillion in 1998. In real terms, that represents an 18-fold increase over 1948. Exports of manufactures were 43 times larger than 50 years earlier. Over the same period, world output grew 8-fold, and world production of manufactures 10-fold. It is the independent and fair decision making process and the neutral dispute settlement mechanism given the legitimacy of WTO to attract members.The monitoring role and dispute settlement mechanism allow states to overcome â€Å"market failures† in international relations. Hence WTO can fully perform its functions to facilitate cooperation in order to promote trade. From the above examples, international institutions while maintaining independence and neutrality, promote states cooperation and achieve objectives by increasing the efficiency of collective activities, reducing conflicts, facilitating communications and negotiatio n and implementation of agreements. Realist a had different interpretation in the role of these international institutions.Traditional realists recognize that institutions are a vital part of the landscape of world politics. Traditional realism assess the effectiveness of institutions in 2 ways (5): [A] Institution as tools of empowerment enable hagemon to rule others and to manage regional and world affairs more effectively and efficiently than would be possible in their absence. [B] Institution as constraint such as balance of power politics and Concert diplomacy guide and direct Great Power behavior in accordance with the established rules of the game. We will continue with the example of 1944 Bretton Wood System to illustrate the above 2 points below.Harry Dexter White and John Maynard Keynes, the architect of the Bretton Wood System, was disappointed by the final evolution of the Bretton Woods institutions, for Keynes believed that the politicians were perverting the original i deas. The final design guaranteed predominance of the US due to various reasons including emphasis on USD by linking all currencies to USD, dominance of US power in the weighted percentage vote in IMF. However, this is inevitable in the realities of power politics as US was the lender while rest of the world were the borrower and US was the only superpower at that time.This explained the point A above that the hagemon (US) dominance to rule others and able to manage the international trade and monetary system more effectively and efficiently by putting the states into the Bretton Wood agreement and establishment of the institutions. The US and other states were constrained within the agreement and monitoring by the institutions as described in the above point B. While US constrained the other states by the guaranteed predominance in the system, US at the same time was constrained by losing its freedom on domestic policy as USD is pegged at a fixed rate to gold.Neorealists tend to do wnplay the role of institutions on cooperation. John Mearsheimer described international institution as â€Å"a set of rules that stipulate the ways in which states should cooperate and compete with one another† and claims that institutions â€Å"matter only on the margins† and â€Å"have minimal influence on state behavior† (6). Structural realists in the Waltzian vein also paid little attention to international institutions. Neorealists argue that institution cause states to behave in ways they otherwise would not behave, for example foregoing short term, self interest in favor of long-term community goals (Jervis 1983).In contrast, neoliberals claim that institutions matter because they enable states to do things they otherwise could not do, that is, achieve mutual gains from cooperation. Neorealists conceptualize institutions as constraints on state behavior; neoliberals see them as enabling states to reach mutually beneficial, cooperative outcomes. Neoreali sts emphasis on relative gains distribution amongst the actors within the institutions, while Neoliberals emphasis on maximizing overall absolute gains obtained in the community.The first point made by neorealists on the role of international institutions is â€Å"the emphasis on relative gains among actors could critically inhibit international cooperation†. Therefore, they may sometimes abstain from cooperation even when it would be beneficial for them in absolute terms. The overall result is that international institutions are more difficult to create and harder to maintain than neoliberals would have to believe. The likelihood for an institution to be put in place and to be stable is the greatest when the expected gains are balanced such that relative losses do not accrue (7).Without a higher power, states must worry about any state gaining a relative advantage through cooperation, because â€Å"today’s friend may be tomorrow’s enemy in war† (8). Just like what we have seen today, most of the institutions were first led by US as a higher power. States not only concern about cheating but also worry over the distribution of relative gains must be overcome for cooperation to blossom. One example would be the refusal of states to join the binding emissions reduction targets for developed countries in the second commitment period under the Kyoto Protocol at UN climate talk in November 2011.While the biggest emitting countries – US, China and India refused to join, the existing countries in Kyoto Protocol, including Canada, Japan and Russia have already refused to sign on for a second commitment period, objecting to the lack of legal constraints on the world’s biggest carbon polluters. Europe says it can accept a continuation, provided China and the United States show they are serious about major cuts in the coming years. This evidenced when there is relative gains distribution issue and worries on cheating, cooperation is not possible.The second point is that â€Å"institutions are epiphenomenal, that they merely reflect power and interest† (9). They challenge the Independence of the international institutions. Institutions existed but do not mitigate in any way the anarchy of the international system and is the same world of power politics familiar to realists – institutions represented by powerful to serve their interests, and they are dissolved when power and interest shift. To illustrate, we will continue with the example of Bretton Wood system.During the late stage of Bretton Wood system, US power was declining as relied heavily on deficit spending while the other states growing surplus and gaining economic power. The intrinsic value of USD was declining due to deficit spending, over-investment outside US, spending on maintaining the military bases and the two wars US was fighting (Vietnam War and the large increase in social spending known as the War on Poverty) (4). While USD was officially pegged to gold at USD35 per ounce, USD was overvalued and investors and governments rushed to sell USD for gold.From 1961 until 1968, 7 billion dollars was cashed in, which took up more than 40% of US gold reserve. In 1971, US announced stopping the conversion of USD into gold and devaluation of USD. After the second devaluation of USD in 1973, all the states quitted the fixed exchange rate system and hence the Bretton Wood system officially collapsed since then together with the significantly reduced importance of IMF and World Bank. In my opinion, both schools of thoughts are important to explain different matters in different scenario.There is no one single answer towards whether international institutions facilitate cooperation or the opposite. As explained with the example of Bretton Wood system throughout the whole article, both liberal institutionalism and realism explained the setup of the system from different perspective while realism explained the end of th e cooperation. It appears that the effective cooperation induced by institutions is more transient in nature while power politics between the states is driving the backbone of the story.I believe realist view on international institution is more relevant to explain many of the critical outcomes in modern history. However, with globalization becomes the main theme of 21st century, role of state is diminishing as the dominance of multinational corporations does not preclude the characters of state. This creates more common interests between states, which make cooperation easier. The role of international institutions may be gradually enhanced and we may reach another conclusion. Works Cited 1. Keohane, Robert O. International lnstitutions and State Power: Essays in International Theory.Boulder: Westview Press, 1989 2. Abbott Kenneth and Snidal Duncan. The Oxford Handbook of International Relations, Ch. 11 , â€Å"Why States Act through Formal International Organizations. † Jour nal of Conflict Resolution. , 1998 3. IMF website. Cooperation and reconstruction (1944–71) http://www. imf. org/external/about/histcoop. htm 4. Frieden Jeffrey A. Global Capitalism Its Fall and Rise in the Twentieth Century. United States of America: Norton Paperback 2007 5. Schweller Randall and Priess David. A Tale of Two Realisms: Expanding the Institutions Debate.Mershon International Studies Review, Vol. 41, No. 1 (May, 1997), pp. 1-32 6. Mearsheimer, John. The False Promise of International Institutions. International Security. 1994/95 19(3):5-49. 7. Hasenclever Andreas, Mayer Peter and Rittberger Volker. Integrating Theories of International Regimes. Review of International Studies, Vol. 26, No. 1 (Jan. , 2000), pp. 3-33 8. Grieco, Joseph M. , Powell Robert, and Nidal Duncans. The Relative-Gains Problem for International Cooperation. American Political Science Review 1993 87:729-743. 9. Stein Arthur A. Neoliberal Institutionalism Chapter 11 p. 206

Aca Code Of Ethics And Ethical Standards For School...

In Introduction to Counseling, students learned about the ACA Code of Ethics and Ethical Standards for School Counselors. The ACA code of Ethics update in 2014 with significant changes. One of the improvements was in the preface of the code; including how human development, diversity and multiculturalism, social justice, the integrity of the counselor-child relationship, and competency align further with other professional fields. Another vital area receiving amendments was the extension of the confidentiality law. If a person makes an appointment, it is just as confidential, as what is said during the session. In the past, there was concern counselors were making referrals due to religious beliefs. However, counselors jobs are to refer based on skill and not the counselor’s personal beliefs. It is imperative, new counselors, keep up with ethical codes and the changes which can occur at any time. The ACA’s Code of Ethics and the Ethical Standards for School Counselors are great resource tools to describe confidentiality, responsibilities to the student, school, community, and families; student records, technology, collaboration, social justice advocacy, professional responsibility, relationships, supervision, evaluation, assessment, and interpretation. In a high school counselor meeting I attended, the speaker explained one noteworthy recommendation; counselors should act as if they are being videotaped, but not behaving as if they are. Staying professional at allShow MoreRelatedCase Study Analysis996 Words   |  4 PagesEthical Case Study 2: Sally Goes to School Shanda Woody Montreat College Ethical Case Study 2: Sally Goes to School A fundamental aspect of ethics in counseling is the right to informed consent. Informed consent reflects respect for the client as an individual and promotes self-governing during the counseling process (Pope Melba, 2011). 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